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11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.21 for predominant pattern; OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99-1.27 for partial pattern). Compared with children aged 6 to 23 months who were breastfed within the first 6 months of life, those not breastfed had a high risk of mortality (OR = 5.65; 95% CI = 4.27-7.47). Compared with children aged 12 to 23 months who were breastfed for ≥6 months, those who were breastfed for shorter periods had a higher risk of mortality (OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.45-5.32 for duration of less then 3 months; OR = 5.28, 95% CI = 3.24-8.61 for those who were not breastfed). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age recommended by the World Health Organization for reducing mortality of children less then 2 years old in sub-Saharan Africa. Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A previous single-county study found that retail stores usually asked young-looking tobacco customers to show proof-of-age identification, but a large proportion of illegal tobacco sales to minors occurred after the customers had shown identification proving they were too young to purchase tobacco. We sought to investigate these findings on a larger scale. Selleckchem 6-Thio-dG METHODS We obtained state reports for federal fiscal years 2017 and 2018 from a federal agency that tracks tobacco sales to supervised minors conducting compliance checks in retail stores. We used descriptive and multivariable logistic regression methods to determine (1) how often stores in 17 states requested identifications, (2) what proportion of violations occurred after identification requests, and (3) if violation rates differed when minors were required versus forbidden to carry identification. RESULTS Stores asked minors for identification in 79.6% (95% confidence interval 79.3%-80.8%) of compliance checks (N = 17 276). Violations after identification requests constituted 22.8% (95% confidence interval 20.0%-25.6%; interstate range, 1.7%-66.2%) of all violations and were nearly 3 times as likely when minors were required to carry identification in compliance checks. Violations were 42% more likely when minors asked for a vaping product versus cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Stores that sell tobacco to underage customers are more likely to be detected and penalized when youth inspectors carry identification during undercover tobacco sales compliance checks. The new age-21 tobacco sales requirement presents an opportunity to require identifications be carried and address other long-standing weaknesses in compliance-check protocols to help combat the current adolescent vaping epidemic. Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.BACKGROUND Preoperative education may help participants to psychologically prepare themselves for surgery, but the outcomes of such preparation have rarely been assessed in patients requiring postoperative care in the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as in family members. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a preoperative multifaceted education intervention on patient and family satisfaction levels in the ICU and measures of perioperative patients' anxiety and depression. TRIAL DESIGN Single-centre, two-armed, parallel, superiority, randomised controlled trial. Healthcare professionals in ICU and outcome assessor were blinded to treatment allocation. PARTICIPANTS 100 elective coronary artery bypass grafting±valve surgery patients and their family members. INTERVENTIONS Preoperative education comprising of a video and ICU tour in addition to standard care (treatment), versus standard care (control). OUTCOMES Patient and family satisfaction levels with ICU using validated PS-ICU23 and FS-ICU24 questionnaires (0-1. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in men. Despite having a relatively lower tumor mutational burden than most tumor types, multiple gene fusions such as TMPRSS2ERG have been characterized and linked to more aggressive disease. Individual tumor samples have been found to contain multiple fusions and it remains unknown whether these fusions increase tumor immunogenicity. Here, we investigated the role of fusion burden on the prevalence and expression of key molecular and immune effectors in prostate cancer tissue specimens which represented the different stages of disease progression and androgen sensitivity, including hormone sensitive and castration resistant prostate cancer. We found that tumor fusion burden was inversely correlated with tumor mutational burden and not associated with disease stage. High fusion burden correlated with high immune infiltration, PD-L1 expression on immune cells, and immune signatures representing activation of T cells and M1 macrophages. High fusion burden inversely correlated with immune suppressive signatures. Our findings suggest that high tumor fusion burden may be a more appropriate biomarker than tumor mutational burden in prostate cancer as it more closely associates with immunogenicity and suggests that tumors with high fusion burden could be potential candidates for immunotherapeutic agents. Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research.Adoptive immunotherapy can induce sustained therapeutic effects in some cancers. Antitumor T cell grafts are often individually prepared in vitro from autologous T cells, which requires an intensive workload and increased costs. The quality of the generated T cells can also be variable, which affects the therapy's antitumor efficacy and toxicity. Standardized production of antitumor T cell grafts from third-party donors will enable widespread use of this modality if allogeneic T cell responses are effectively controlled. Here, we generated HLA class I, class II, and T cell receptor triple knockout (tKO) T cells by simultaneous knockout of the B2M, CIITA and TRAC genes through Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein electroporation. Although HLA deficient T cells were targeted by natural killer cells, they persisted better than HLA sufficient T cells in the presence of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in immunodeficient mice. When transduced with a CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and stimulated by tumor cells, tKO CAR-T cells persisted better when cultured with allogeneic PBMC compared with TRAC and B2M double-knockout T cells.